A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit or mechanical device that converts a source of DC (DC) from one voltage level to a different . it's a kind of electrical power converter. Power levels range from very low (small batteries) to very high (high-voltage power transmission).
Practical electronic converters use techniques. DC-to-DC converters convert one DC voltage level to a different , which can be higher or lower, by storing the input energy temporarily then releasing that energy to the output at a special voltage. The storage could also be in either magnetic flux storage components (inductors, transformers) or field storage components (capacitors). This conversion method can increase or decrease voltage. Fast semiconductor unit rise and fall times are required for efficiency; however, these fast transitions combine with layout parasitic effects to form circuit design challenging. Another important improvement in DC-DC converters is replacing the flywheel diode by synchronous rectification, employing a power FET, whose "on resistance" is far lower. Before the wide availability of power semiconductors, low-power DC-to-DC synchronous converters consisted of an electro-mechanical vibrator followed by a voltage transformer feeding a tube or semiconductor rectifier, or synchronous rectifier contacts on the vibrator.
Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to maneuver power in just one direction, from dedicated input to output. However, all regulator topologies are often made bidirectional and ready to move power in either direction by replacing all diodes with independently controlled active rectification. A bidirectional converter is beneficial , for instance , in applications requiring regenerative braking of vehicles, where power is supplied to the wheels while driving, but supplied by the wheels when braking.
Although they require few components, converters are electronically complex. Like all high-frequency circuits, their components must be carefully specified and physically arranged to realize stable operation at acceptable levels.[7] Their cost is above linear regulators in voltage-dropping applications, but their cost has been decreasing with advances in chip design.
DC-to-DC converters are available as integrated circuits (ICs) requiring few additional components. Converters also are available as complete hybrid circuit modules, ready to be used within an electronic assembly.
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